In interest, surplus-value assumes an extremely abstract form of manifestation. This abstract quantitative form is only explained from its concrete content. But this is also evidence of the fact that any abstract moment of reality finds a real explanation only in the concrete system of conditions which gave rise to it, and it can only be correctly understood through it. Thus interest is concretely scientifically) understood only in the final analysis, as final result, whereas on the surface of phenomena it appears as a very abstract form. All of this must be taken into account. In view of the fact that Marx formulated his ideas on the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete in direct polemics tory burch outlet store with its Hegelian interpretation, it will be appropriate to take a critical look at the latter. The materialist nature of Marxs method will stand out clearly and graphically in comparison with it.As we know Hegel was the first to understand the development of knowledge as a historical process subject to laws that do not depend on mens will and consciousness.
This interpretation, characteristic of pre-Marxist philosophy and of the anthropological conception of the subject of cognition, is quite false and extremely narrow. The data of contemplation and notion were always interpreted by Marx as the entire mass of the socially accumulated empirical experiences, the entire colossal mass of empirical data available to the theoretician tory burch reva from books, reports, statistical tables, newspapers, and accounts. It stands to reason, however, that all these empirical data are stored in social memory in an abridged form, reduced to abstract expression. They are expressed in speech, in terminology, in figures, tables, and other abstract forms. The specific task of the theoretician who uses all this information about reality does not, of course, consist in lending this abstract expression still more abstract form.
On the contrary, his work always begins with a critical analysis and revision of the abstractions of the empirical stage f cognition, with the critical overcoming of these abstractions, attaining progress tory burch flats sale through a critique of the one-sidedness and subjective character of these abstractions and revealing the illusions contained in them, from the standpoint of reality as a whole, in its concreteness. In this sense and only in this sense) the transition from the empirical stage of cognition to the rational one also appears as a transition from the abstract to the concrete. Of course, the ascent from the cognition of the simple commodity form to the comprehension of such well-developed forms of bourgeois wealth as interest also appears, from a certain standpoint, as the movement from the concrete to abstract forms of its manifestation on the surface of events. Interest, for instance, expresses in its impersonal quantitative language the most complex and profound processes of capitalist production.
For this reason, the genuine significance of the facts of a scientists biography and the genuine order of development of scientific definitions cannot be revealed through a purely biographical inquiry. The actual progress of scientific knowledge that is, systematic advances of thought to concrete truth) often significantly diverges from the ordinary chronological sequence. Lenin in his fragment On the Question of Dialectics pointed out that chronology with regard to persons is unnecessary in the analysis of the logic of tory burch outlet the development of knowledge, that it does not always correspond to the actual order of stages by which thought conceives its subject-matter. Taking all this into account, one can draw the conclusion that all the characteristic features of Marxs method of inquiry appear most clearly and distinctly in Capital and not in the rough notes, excerpts and arguments that came into his head as he was studying the economic facts.
It is these attempts that led him to the conclusion that the laws o the circulation of money could not be understood unless one worked out in the greatest detail the concept of value. Having worked out the value tory burch purse concept, he saw that he had shared a number of Ricardos illusions. The method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete as a method of inquiry into facts cannot therefore be justified by references to the order in which the study of data proceeded. It expresses the sequence in which the objectively correct conception corresponding to the object takes shape in the theoreticians mind, rather than the order in which certain aspects of reality for some reason or other draw the theoreticians attention and thus enter the field of science.
The method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete expresses the internal law of the development of scientific understanding which in the course of historical advancement paves its way rough a mass of tory burch flats sale accidental moments, deviations, often in a roundabout way unbeknown to the theoreticians themselves. This law is therefore difficult to discover on the surface of scientific development that is, in the consciousness of theoreticians themselves). In the consciousness of theoreticians this law may not appear at all for a long time or it may appear in a form that will make it unrecognisable. An individual representative of science, as Marx pointed out, often has quite an erroneous conception of what -,he actually does and how he does it. In view of this, one must not judge a thinker by what he thinks of himself. It is much more important and difficult) to establish the objective significance of his views and their role in the development of science as a whole.
Thus the method of presentation of material in Capital is nothing but the corrected method of its investigation, the corrections not being arbitrary, but in complete accordance with the requirements and laws dictated by the investigation itself. In other words, the method of presentation is in this case the method of investigation freed from anything in the nature of accessories and any confusing elements - a method of investigation strictly conforming to the objective, logical laws of study. That is a method of investigation in pure form, ghd hair straighteners in a systematic form unobscured by deviations and chance elements. As for the differences of form, of which Marx speaks in the Afterword to the second edition of Capital, they have to do with quite different circumstances, in particular, the fact that Marx personally became familiar with the different circles of the capitalist hell in a sequence that is different from the one that corresponds to the law of their own development and is presented in Capital.
The method of presentation loads the reader from a comprehension of certain particulars, from the abstract, to the increasingly more concrete, developed, general, comprehensive view of economic reality, to the general as the result of combining the particulars. Of course, the process of investigation is not reproduced in all the details and deviations of more than twenty-five ghd new wave years of research but only in those principal and decisive features which, as the study itself showed, really advanced thought along the path of concrete understanding. In the final elaboration of the facts for publication Marx no longer repeated those numerous deviations from the principal theme of investigation that are inevitable in the work of any scholar. In the course of actual investigation facts are often considered that are not directly relevant: it is only their analysis that can show whether they are relevant or not.
Besides, the theoretician has to recur, as often as not, to the consideration of facts that once seemed to be exhaustively analysed. As a result, research does not proceed smoothly forward but moves ahead ghd rare styler in rather complicated manner with frequent reversions and deviations. These moments are not, of course, reproduced in the final presentation. Due to this, the process of investigation appears in its genuine form free from accidental elements and deviations. Here it is straightened out, as it were, assuming the character of continuous motion forward, which is in agreement with the nature and motions of the facts themselves. Here thought does not proceed from the analysis of one fact to the analysis of the next one before it has really exhausted this fact; that is why one does not have to recur time and again to one and the same subject in order to tackle what has been left unfinished.
